4. Cultural Sector Employers

This chapter and the following chapter present a quantitative perspective on the composition, size, and financial performance of the cultural sector using units of measurement linked to businesses and self-employed individuals attached to specific domains and subdomains of the cultural sector. Unlike the previous chapter, where employment in a cultural occupation was the primary lens of analysis, these two chapters focus on the industrial classification of businesses and self-employed individuals.

It should be noted that this perspective has the potential not only to underestimate the size of the sector but also to misrepresent how the sector operates because of the fact that many independent and self-employed workers are not included in the traditional data sources referenced. These are noted throughout the two chapters, and where applicable, suggestions to address these data gaps have been included in Chapter 10: Recommendations.

Many of the figures presented in this chapter on cultural sector employers rely on Statistics Canada’s most recent Business Register data. In particular, the figures include information about the number, size, and geographic distribution of establishments that employ cultural workers.

This chapter also provides additional labour market information for each of the six core domains that fall within the cultural sector, according to the definition and scope of the sector outlined in Chapter 2. For a list of the types of establishments and industries included in each cultural domain, please see Appendix A.

4.1 Cultural Sector Establishments

In 2016, there were 117,050 cultural establishments in Canada, representing 3 per cent of all establishments in the Canadian economy. Cultural establishments tend to be smaller, on average, than establishments in other sectors. Among the large establishments (ones with more than 500 employees), a third fall within the audio-visual and interactive media domain, particularly the broadcasting establishments. Meanwhile, sound recording is the only domain without large establishments.

Table 4.1.1 Number of Cultural Establishments, 2016

Culture domain	Indeterminate*	Small (1–99)	Medium (100–499)	Large (500+)	Total
Heritage and libraries	860	2,362	72	11	3,305
Archives	68	79	2	1	150
Libraries	95	919	28	3	1,045
Cultural heritage	532	1,062	25	2	1,621
Natural heritage	165	302	17	5	489
Live performance	17,560	3,539	54	9	21,162
Performing arts	16,802	3,146	53	9	20,010
Festivals and celebrations	758	393	1	-	1,152
Visual and applied arts	32,513	14,169	101	9	46,792
Original visual art	6,385	856	-	-	7,241
Art reproductions	307	328	1	-	636
Photography	4,030	819	5	-	4,854
Crafts	185	205	6	-	397
Advertising	4,072	1,936	22	2	6,032
Architecture	7,889	4,404	22	1	12,316
Design	9,645	5,620	45	6	15,316
Written and published works	11,538	7,180	130	11	18,860
Books	1,172	414	9	2	1,597
Periodicals	847	797	7	-	1,651
Newspapers	969	1,333	31	5	2,338
Other published works	565	109	1	-	675
Collected information	105	101	8	-	214
Multi-subdomain (e.g., supporting activity)	7,880	4,426	74	4	12,385
Audio-visual and interactive media	16,811	7,607	228	24	24,669
Film and video	14,716	4,812	139	5	19,672
Broadcasting	1,194	1,658	66	16	2,934
Interactive media	901	1,137	23	3	2,063
Sound recording	1,569	689	4	-	2,262
Sound recording	344	89	1	-	434
Music publishing	1,225	600	3	-	1,828
Total culture	80,851	35,546	589	64	117,050
Total Canadian economy	2,631,372	1,241,007	21,745	2,999	3,897,123
Culture share of total economy	3.1%	2.9%	2.7%	2.1%	3.0%
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Sources: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016, compiled by The Conference Board of Canada.

The Business Register data is timely and detailed—down to the most granular level of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). However, the limitation of the data is that to be included in the Business Register, an establishment must meet one of the following three criteria:

• The establishment is an employer (i.e., has employees).
• The establishment is a corporate tax filer (i.e., is incorporated).
• The establishment is a GST/HST registrant (GST/HST registration is required only for individuals or businesses with sales that exceed $30,000 for one year).

Many cultural establishments do not meet the criteria, particularly those that are made up of independent and/or self-employed workers and therefore are not included in the Business Register data.There is also some potential for the misclassification of industries represented by large enterprises involved in multiple lines of business. For example, an internet streaming service provider such as Netflix would be recognized as an internet broadcasting enterprise in the Business Register (NAICS code 519130), as the majority of its output would fall within the film and video industry. However, there is also a production arm within this enterprise that should be classified in the registry under the motion picture and video production industry (NAICS code 512110). However as long as the individual establishments are coded based on a set of consistent criteria (e.g., financials, company structure), the Business Register provides a useful snapshot of the cultural sector.

Table 4.1.2 Revenues of Cultural Establishments by Domain and Subdomain, 2013–2017
($ millions)

Cultural domain	Subdomain	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Heritage and libraries	Total	1,048	1,077	1,162	1,261	1,273
	Archives	15	15	17	17	18
	Libraries	65	67	75	81	80
	Cultural heritage	649	676	729	796	795
	Natural heritage	319	319	341	366	381
Live performance	Total	3,655	3,825	4,184	4,443	4,549
	Performing arts	3,403	3,566	3,906	4,148	4,249
	Festivals and celebrations	252	259	278	295	300
Visual and applied arts	Total	12,247	13,049	13,539	13,887	14,625
	Original visual art	317	337	364	394	413
	Art reproductions	76	81	81	82	85
	Photography	1,061	1,116	1,194	1,217	1,287
	Crafts	819	748	775	819	749
	Advertising	2,859	3,266	3,458	3,497	3,538
	Architecture	2,194	2,244	2,219	2,177	2,257
	Design	4,921	5,258	5,448	5,700	6,296
Written and published works	Total	17,867	17,160	16,727	16,065	15,967
	Books	1,887	1,795	1,622	1,484	1,488
	Periodicals	2,333	2,213	2,041	1,903	1,932
	Newspapers	4,694	4,309	3,953	3,462	3,043
	Other published works	241	230	213	199	204
	Collected Information	476	447	414	387	395
	Multi-subdomain	8,235	8,165	8,485	8,631	8,906
Audio-visual and interactive media	Total	25,507	26,626	27,336	28,654	29,710
	Film and video	8,440	9,102	9,564	10,503	11,053
	Broadcasting	13,377	13,487	13,688	13,746	14,005
	Interactive media	3,690	4,037	4,084	4,405	4,653
Sound recording	Total	1,071	1,092	1,128	1,217	1,269
	Sound recording	175	178	187	199	206
	Music publishing	896	914	941	1,018	1,063
Education and training		4,464	4,623	4,795	4,934	5,091
Governance, funding, and professional support		13,382	13,811	14,171	14,278	14,797
Multidomain*		1,107	1,132	1,231	1,252	1,274
Total cultural sector		80,348	82,396	84,272	85,991	88,556

Source: Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.
Note: “Multidomain” refers to the cases where one industry produces goods and services that cannot be readily allocated to a single domain, e.g., book, periodical and music stores (NAICS 4512).

4.2 Employer Profiles by Cultural Domain

The employer profiles in this section of the report contain standardized indicators on labour market information for each cultural domain based on the 2016 census. This section also includes the distinctive characteristics found using available data on employers at the cultural subdomain level.

4.2.1 Heritage and Libraries Domain

The heritage and libraries domain comprises a wide range of establishments that fall into the categories of cultural and natural heritage, libraries, and archives, most of which rely heavily on government support for their operations. These include museums, art galleries, archives, historic sites, buildings, community and nature parks, and conservation areas with interpretive or educational programs. Also included in this domain are exhibition centres, planetariums, observatories, aquariums, zoos, botanical gardens, and arboretums.

While conceptually all of the heritage and libraries establishments that meet these criteria fall under this domain, at the present time, only private institutions are captured by Statistics Canada’s Culture Satellite Account. As a result, the following discussion depicts only a partial picture of the domain.

In 2017, private heritage and libraries establishments generated over $1.3 billion in revenues and employed over 15,000 workers.[1] Not surprisingly, only a small fraction (3.1 per cent) of workers were self-employed, 43 per cent were male, and slightly more than one-third (35.2 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was over $58,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $19,000.

There are 3,300 private heritage and libraries establishments nationwide, of which 43 per cent are in Ontario and Quebec, with another 43 per cent in B.C. and the Prairies. Similar distribution is seen for large establishments, with well over a half of them (61 per cent) in Quebec and Ontario.

Table 4.2.1.1: Employment in Heritage and Libraries Establishments

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	15,012
Employee	14,547
Self-employed	465 (3.1% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	43.3%
Female	56.7%
Employment status
Full-time	35.2%
Part-time	64.8%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$58,060
Part-time	$19,139
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.1.2: Number of Heritage and Libraries Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	860	1,848	514	83	3,305
Newfoundland and Labrador	24	54	27	1	106
Prince Edward Island	15	15	5	-	35
Nova Scotia	37	92	35	1	165
New Brunswick	22	72	16	3	113
Quebec	183	260	122	15	580
Ontario	245	445	127	36	853
Manitoba	69	117	15	2	203
Saskatchewan	43	320	19	3	385
Alberta	94	241	59	8	402
British Columbia	126	204	86	14	430
Territories	2	28	3	-	33
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Culture Heritage Subdomain

Private culture heritage establishments accounted for an estimated 62 per cent of revenues and 63 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. Of the 1,600 culture heritage establishments operating in Canada in 2016, 43 per cent were in Ontario and Quebec. Meanwhile, 16 out of 27 large culture heritage establishments were in Ontario and Quebec, with the rest scattered around in other provinces.

Natural Heritage Subdomain

Private natural heritage is the second largest subdomain, making up 30 per cent of revenues and 33 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. There were 490 natural heritage establishments operating in Canada in 2016, of which well over a half were in Central Canada (58 per cent), 28 per cent were in B.C. and the Prairies, and the rest were scattered about in Atlantic Canada. Of the large natural heritage establishments, only one was in Atlantic Canada—in New Brunswick.

Libraries Subdomain

Private libraries establishments made up 6.3 per cent of revenues and 3.3 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. In 2016, there were 1,050 libraries nationwide, of which just over a third were in Central Canada (35 per cent) and almost 60 per cent were in B.C. and the Prairies. A similar pattern was seen for large establishments: only two out of 31 large libraries were in Atlantic Canada.

Archives Subdomain

Private archives make up the smallest subdomain under the heritage and libraries umbrella, accounting for only 1.4 per cent of revenues and 1 per cent of employment in the overall domain. Of the 150 archives establishments in Canada in 2016, close to two-thirds were in Central Canada (62 per cent).

By nature, archives are smaller in size: there are only three large establishments nationwide, all of which are in Central Canada. Only 13 per cent of all archives establishments employed more than 10 workers in 2016.

4.2.2 Live Performance Domain

The live performance domain represents a diverse group of performers and organizations engaged in the production of live entertainment, ranging from operas, orchestras, and circus arts to multidisciplinary events such as celebrations and festivals. The industries that fall within this domain include a broad spectrum of businesses and business practices, from large enterprises such as Cirque du Soleil to independent artists.

In 2017, live performance establishments generated over $4.5 billion in revenues and employed close to 60,000 workers.[2] Workers in the domain were predominately part-time (69 per cent) and more than half (53 per cent) were self-employed. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was $40,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $20,000. Notably, given the relatively low average income and a high share of self-employment within the domain, the likelihood of some workers not being captured by the Business Register is higher than other domains.

Of the nearly 5,900 live performing arts establishments in Canada in 2016, 67 per cent were located in Ontario and Quebec. Meanwhile, 44 out of 63 large establishments (with more than 100 employees) were in these two provinces.

Table 4.2.2.1: Employment in Live Performance Establishments

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	59,897
Employee	28,318
Self-employed	31,579 (52.7% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	50.6%
Female	49.4%
Employment status
Full-time	30.8%
Part-time	69.2%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$40,019
Part-time	$20,094
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.2.2: Number of Live Performance Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	17,560	3,051	488	63	21,162
Newfoundland and Labrador	118	36	16	-	170
Prince Edward Island	43	17	3	1	64
Nova Scotia	278	70	13	1	362
New Brunswick	145	51	12	-	208
Quebec	4,919	890	155	22	5,986
Ontario	7,083	1,035	134	22	8,274
Manitoba	394	51	22	3	470
Saskatchewan	276	37	14	-	327
Alberta	1,253	194	42	7	1,496
British Columbia	3,030	657	75	7	3,769
Territories	21	13	2	-	36
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.3 Visual and Applied Arts Domain

The visual and applied arts is one of the more diverse domains, consisting of not only a wide range of individuals and establishments involved with creating, distributing, or selling original works of art, but also the artistic and creative arm of advertising, architecture, and design. The final products are visual in nature and may be multi-faceted, including drawing, painting, photography, printmaking, textile art, installation art, performance art, and a myriad of other similar forms of artistic expression. The workforce of this domain is composed mainly of independent artists, architects, designers, and craftspeople—close to one-quarter are self-employed.

Because of the independent nature of visual and applied arts industries, many artists working in this domain are largely responsible for generating their own revenues, whether through the distribution and sales of their own artwork or by exploring other funding sources such as government programs. The internet has opened up numerous marketing and sales opportunities for artists, but selling online is not an easy undertaking, as it requires technical and marketing skills that artists do not necessarily have. It also divides artists’ time between studio production and administrative tasks, leaving less time for artists to work on their craft.

In 2017, visual and applied arts establishments generated nearly $15 billion in revenues and employed just over 116,800 workers[3]. The labour force was predominantly male (59 per cent), and more than a half (57 per cent) worked full-time in 2016. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was $73,500 in 2015, while part-time workers earned $35,800.

There were close to 47,000 visual and applied arts establishments operating in Canada in 2016, close to two-thirds of which were in the Ontario or Quebec. Another 28 per cent were in B.C. and Alberta, with the rest scattered around in the rest of provinces.

Table 4.2.3.1: Employment in Visual and Applied Arts Establishments 

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	116,835
Employee	88,494
Self-employed	28,341 (24.3% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	59.3%
Female	40.7%
Employment status
Full-time	56.5%
Part-time	43.5%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$73,487
Part-time	$35,796
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.3.2: Number of Visual Arts and Crafts Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	32,513	12,340	1,829	110	46,792
Newfoundland and Labrador	146	86	14	0	245
Prince Edward Island	51	34	4	0	90
Nova Scotia	444	152	33	2	631
New Brunswick	235	135	19	1	389
Quebec	7,603	2,343	476	27	10,448
Ontario	13,728	5,567	744	53	20,093
Manitoba	570	237	49	2	859
Saskatchewan	530	175	34	1	740
Alberta	3,910	1,676	175	13	5,775
British Columbia	5,248	1,908	273	13	7,442
Territories	47	26	7	-	81
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.4 Written and Published Works Domain

The written and published works domain represents a wide variety of publishing in the forms of books, periodicals, newspapers, etc. As in many other cultural industries, establishments in Canada’s written and published works domain are contending with a sea change in the way consumers access their products. The rapid expansion of digital markets has forced publishing industries to quickly adopt new revenue strategies to respond to changing consumer preferences. Newspaper and magazine publishers are distributing content online and developing new subscription and advertising models to offset declining sales of physical copies. Book publishers are also becoming adept at marketing, promoting, and selling their products online, while positioning themselves for the mass-market adoption of electronic books and readers.

While much of the change in the written and published works domain over the past five to 10 years has been driven by consumer trends, the domain also endured a significant hit to revenues after the Canadian Copyright Modernization Act came into force in November 2012.[4] It has been reported that royalties have plummeted because of the exemptions to the copyright laws for educational institutions in the Act and how these exemptions were applied in practice. This has had a marked impact not only on activities associated with educational publishing but also on the incomes of Canadian writers, authors, and illustrators.[5]

Despite these challenges, written and published works establishments generated nearly $16 billion in revenues and employed about 102,000 workers in 2017.[6] Of those workers, almost one-quarter (24.4 per cent) were self-employed, 47 per cent were male, and slightly more than a half (52 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was just over $58,000 in 2015, while part-time workers earned just over $27,000.

Of the 18,900 written and published works establishments operating in Canada in 2016, well over two-thirds (69 per cent) were in Central Canada, more than one-quarter (27 per cent) were in B.C. and the Prairies, and the rest were in Atlantic Canada. Written and published works establishments tended to be smaller in employee size: only 10 per cent of establishments hired more than 10 workers.

Table 4.2.4.1: Employment in Written and Published Works Establishments

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	102,063
Employee	77,127
Self-employed	24,936 (24.4% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	46.8%
Female	53.1%
Employment status
Full-time	51.7%
Part-time	48.3%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$ 58,052
Part-time	$ 26,777
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.4.2: Number of Written and Published Works Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	11,538	5,466	1,715	141	18,860
Newfoundland and Labrador	54	67	19	1	141
Prince Edward Island	22	15	5	-	43
Nova Scotia	219	126	46	6	398
New Brunswick	133	90	47	-	271
Quebec	3,568	1,440	408	35	5,450
Ontario	4,634	2,113	663	69	7,478
Manitoba	248	196	57	8	510
Saskatchewan	160	127	45	2	334
Alberta	845	510	164	5	1,523
British Columbia	1,635	772	248	15	2,669
Territories	20	10	12	-	43
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.5 Audio-Visual and Interactive Media

The audio-visual and interactive media domain represents a wide range of businesses that engage in the production and dissemination of film, radio, TV, and interactive media content. The domain experienced noteworthy transformations in recent years, driven by shifts in consumer behaviour and technology advancement. Indeed, as Canadians further embrace internet-based film, radio, and TV services, Canadian media companies have undergone significant changes to their business models, marked by the rise of several digital distribution platforms. Meanwhile, the interactive media industry has witnessed rapid growth over the past decade with the emergence of electronic sports and mobile gaming.

Film, radio, TV, and broadcasting industries have faced a number of challenges in recent years as a result of changes in technology. The most notable challenges are on the distribution side, as the widespread use of the internet has reshaped the way Canadians consume media content, with significant implications for industry revenues, forcing the industries to adopt digital distribution platforms to accommodate new demand.

In addition, revenues in Canada’s film, TV, and video production industry rely heavily on foreign location and service production, especially from the United States. As the exchange rate remains favourable for foreign producers, this revenue stream should continue to strengthen. On top of that, renewed support from federal and provincial governments through means of tax credits and incentive funds will help Canada solidify its position as a preferred production location.

Despite the rise of internet-based audio services, most Canadians remain loyal to radio. In 2017, 88 per cent of Canadians aged 18 and over tuned in to radio each month. On average, Canadian adults listened to about 15 hours of radio a week in 2017. The health of the industry is due in part to it being highly consolidated, thereby benefiting from economies of scale. In fact, the five largest radio operators reported 65 per cent of total commercial radio revenues in 2017.[7]

With the advent of new technologies such as virtual reality and the growing popularity of competitive gaming and mobile gaming, the interactive media industry has expanded rapidly in recent years. In addition, educational and institutional markets represent an important opportunity for the industry, as gamification has been recognized as a significant component of educational technology.[8] Going forward, with almost half of the revenues coming from foreign markets, Canadian interactive media companies will continue to benefit from the rapid growth of the global video game industry.

In 2017, audio-visual and interactive media establishments generated nearly $29.7 billion in revenues[9] and employed 128,000 workers. Of those workers, 12 per cent were self-employed, and almost half worked full-time (48 per cent). The average income for full-time workers was $70,400 in 2016, while part-time workers made less than half of that ($33,000).

Of the almost 25,000 establishments in audio-visual and interactive media in 2016, 86 per cent were in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.

Table 4.2.5.1: Employment in Audio-Visual and Interactive Media Establishments

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	127,979
Employee	112,335
Self-employed	15,644 (12.2% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	61.1%
Female	38.9%
Employment status
Full-time	48.0%
Part-time	52.0%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$70,409
Part-time	$33,328
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix D for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.5.2: Number of Audio-Visual and Interactive Media Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	16,811	5,490	2,117	252	24,669
Newfoundland and Labrador	102	42	32	2	177
Prince Edward Island	28	21	10	-	59
Nova Scotia	400	93	76	2	570
New Brunswick	99	80	41	1	220
Quebec	3,930	1,299	580	71	5,880
Ontario	7,736	2,306	702	102	10,845
Manitoba	378	137	57	6	578
Saskatchewan	187	81	68	5	341
Alberta	871	305	220	23	1,419
British Columbia	3,038	1,109	318	40	4,505
Territories	43	18	13	-	75
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

The increased consolidation of enterprises in this domain only adds to the difficulty of identifying the distinct activities and associated financial performance of each subdomain. In theory, we can conceptualize the division between the various subdomains. However, in practice, there is a considerable overlap in activities. As an example, the data available for the radio subdomain include the production of radio programs and the broadcasting of radio programs. Similarly, some data in the television subdomain include activities associated with broadcasting, while some data in the broadcasting domain include television production activities.

Broadcasting is an activity that is hardest to isolate because of the way data for broadcasting is collected, specifically the overlap with the other subdomains—particularly radio and TV. While the following sections reflect our best efforts to isolate the activities and associated financial performance of each subdomain, caution should be used in interpreting the findings.

Film and Video Subdomain

Film and video establishments accounted for an estimated 37 per cent of revenues and 42 per cent of employment in the audio-visual and interactive media domain in 2017. The gender split in these establishments was similar to that of the overall domain. However, a higher proportion of workers in film and video establishments were self-employed (19 per cent for film and video vs. 12 per cent for overall domain) and part-time (62 per cent vs. 52 per cent). Given the fact that more workers in film and video are self-employed, the average income for both full-time and part-time workers was lower than in the overall domain.

In 2016, there were 19,672 film and video establishments in Canada, of which 88 per cent were in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Coincidentally, these are the three provinces that provide the most generous tax incentives for Canadian-controlled film and video businesses.

Broadcasting Subdomain

Broadcasting establishments account for an estimated 47 per cent of revenues and 29 per cent of employment in the audio-visual and interactive media domain. The gender split in broadcasting establishments is similar to that of the overall domain. However, close to 68 per cent of workers are full-time, and perhaps not surprisingly, most workers are employed (97 per cent). As a result, the average income for full-time and part-time workers in broadcasting is higher than that of the overall domain.

After several rounds of consolidation in the broadcasting industry, one predominant feature of this subdomain is its higher share of medium-sized to large organizations. Indeed, 32 per cent of establishments in this subdomain employ more than 10 workers. As is the case in other subdomains, the majority of broadcasting establishments (76 per cent) are in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.

Interactive Media Subdomain

Interactive media establishments contribute an estimated 16 per cent of revenues and 29 per cent of employment to the overall domain. The shares of full-time workers and female workers in interactive media establishments are similar to those of the overall domain. Interestingly, while the average income for full-time workers in this subdomain is at the same level as the overall domain, part-time workers in interactive media establishments earn considerably less than the global average ($23,000 for interactive media vs. $33,000 for overall domain).

There are 2,063 interactive media establishments in Canada. Close to 80 per cent of them are in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Interactive media establishments are typically smaller in size. Among the 26 large establishments, 19 were based in Ontario and Quebec.

4.2.6 Sound Recording Domain

The digital revolution has had a profound impact on the sound recording domain in Canada and around the world. Listening to the music of one’s preference is easier than ever before. In 2017, almost every Canadian (93 per cent) listened to recorded music, up from 89 per cent in 2016.[10] The growth, in part, stemmed from more convenient access to music through mobile channels such as smartphones and tablets.

The emergence of music streaming services has revolutionized the way Canadians listen to music. Unlike the traditional way of consuming music, where consumers had to purchase the track or album of choice, streaming services give consumers access to a music library containing millions of songs for a monthly fee. Music streaming, as a result, has grown exponentially, with 45 per cent of music consumers worldwide engaging in audio streaming.[11] In Canada, on-demand audio streaming now makes up more than a half (53 per cent) of total audio consumption.[12]

Canada’s sound recording domain includes a vast array of participants, from small, independent artists to large multinational corporations. The industry is made up of musicians, songwriters, record labels, managers, concert promoters, and music publishers, who together create, promote, and market Canadian music. Music production and distribution industries are dominated by larger firms, but Canada also possesses a strong, independent sector made up mainly of small to medium-sized producers. All industry participants are faced with the challenge of developing and adjusting to new business models to ensure the industry navigates successfully through this period of rapid change.

In 2017, music establishments generated about $1.3 billion in revenues and employed 10,170 workers.[13] Of those workers, 20 per cent were self-employed, 58 per cent were male, and just over one-half (53 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers was over $57,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $26,000.

Of the almost 2,300 music establishments in 2016, 62 per cent were in Ontario and Quebec. All of the large establishments (with more than 100 employees) were in Ontario in 2016.

Table 4.2.6.1: Employment in Sound Recording Establishments

Indicator
Total employment, 2017	10,170
Employee	8,124
Self-employed	2,046 (20.1% of employment)
Unionization rate	n.a.
Gender split
Male	58.3%
Female	41.7%
Employment status
Full-time	52.7%
Part-time	47.3%
Average income, 2015
Full-time	$57,431
Part-time	$26,272
Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.6.2: Number of Sound Recording Establishments, 2016 

	Indeterminate*	Small (1–9)	Medium (10–99)	Large (100+)	Total
Canada	1,569	525	164	4	2,262
Newfoundland and Labrador	17	12	1	-	30
Prince Edward Island	5	6	-	-	11
Nova Scotia	44	10	5	-	59
New Brunswick	27	12	3	-	42
Quebec	309	125	24	-	458
Ontario	676	203	65	4	948
Manitoba	51	11	7	-	69
Saskatchewan	31	16	5	-	52
Alberta	140	46	20	-	206
British Columbia	264	85	35	-	384
Territories	4	-	-	-	4
* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships. Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016. Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

[1] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[2] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[3] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[4] PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Economic Impacts of the Canadian Educational Sector’s Fair Dealing Guidelines.

[5] PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, pp. 7 and 10. f

[6] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[7] CRTC, Communications Monitoring Report 2018.

[8] Ontario Creates, Interactive Industry Profile.

[9] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[10] Nielsen Canada, Music 360 Canada Report 2017.

[11] International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, 2017 Music Consumer Insight Report.

[12] Nielsen Canada, Music 360 Canada Report 2017.

[13] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.